To reveal and study the peculiarities of mixed
infections and their effect on the severity and clinical course
of infectious pathology in children, we found it reasonable to
perform complex - virological and bacteriological - research.
Analysis of the results of biological investigations showed that
the Staphylococcus bacteria play the leading role in mixed
viral-bacterial infections. The research revealed a stable and
long-term change in the normal microflora balance, which
leads to dysbiosis in the course of infant respiratory distress
syndrome (IRDS) with staphylococcus infection. Microbiological,
virological and immunological investigations made it possible
to establish immune deficiency in babies and puerperae.
We found changes in the adaptive immune response and activity
of humoral immune system, which makes immunocorrection
therapy necessary and important.

The aim of this work was to study the effect
of different pH values (pH 4.5, 5.5, 6.5) on the synthesis of
bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLISs) and growth dynamics
of the producer strain Lb. paracasei spp. Paracasei
BN ATS 5W. The test strain was isolated from the traditional
cheese Absheron, produced in Azerbaijan. As a result, it
was found that the optimal pH for the growth and accumulation
of an antimicrobial agent in the culture medium is pH 5.5.
Under low pH values (pH 4.5) the growth of studied strain
cells became slow. Weakly acidic pH values (pH 6.5) led to a
decrease in the antimicrobial activity.

Influence of a specific inhibitor of glicolysis
fluoric sodium on glucozo-6-phosphate oxidation is studied
in wheat seedlings under salt stress. It is found that addition
of glukozo-6-phosphate removes the inhibitor action of fluoric
sodium and increases the oxygen absorption. It is possible
to assume that acceleration of the oxygen absorption after
addition of glukozo-6-phosphate indicates the changeover of
oxidative processes in hexosemonophosphate direction.

Given the fact that the mycobiota of the Iranian
part of the Caucasus (in the north and north-western part of
Iran) is insufficiently studied, we present detailed information
on the distribution of collybioid fungi, which belong to agaricales.
It is established that the Iranian part of the Caucasus
offers six species of basidiomycetes [Collybia ocellata (Fr.) P.
Kumm., Collybia tuberosa (Bull.) P. Kumm., Gymnopus confluens
(Pers.) Antonín, Gymnopus dryophilus (Bull.) Murrill,
Gymnopus erythropus (Pers.) Antonín., and Rhodocollybia
prolixa var. distorta (Fr.) Antonín], which belong to collybioid
fungi. All the species are characterized by macroscopic
(shape, color, and basidioma size) and microscopic (shape
and basidiospore size) features, which differ only in quantitative
terms. It is established that C. ocellata is a new species
for micobiota inherent in Iran.

Yeast fungi isolated from spontaneously fermented
sour-milk products assimilate well ammonium nitrate
NH4NO3 and ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4. Only two kinds
of yeasts, namely, Brettanomyces intermedius and Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, can assimilate sodium nitrate NaNO3. The
biomass increase rate of yeasts Brettanomyces intermedius
and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4
is 1.6-3.2 times higher than in NaNO3. All species of tested
yeast fungi consume well asparagin, urea and peptone, which
are an organic source of nitrogen. Pepton is assimilated more
actively than asparagin or urea. However, the yeast fungi
Candida kefir and C.pseudotropicalis consume asparagin
more actively than urea.

We study the effect of the carbon sources - glucose
and hexadecane - on the fatty acid composition and
activity of enzymes, actually or potentially involved in the biochemistry
of oleaginicity of two oil degrading fungi, namely, Cephalosporium humicola and Mucor globosus. The carbon
sources markedly affect the fatty acid composition of the fungi
in question. The lipids extracted from hexadecane grown cells
contain not only saturated fats found in fungi grown on glucose
substrates but also linoleic and linolenic acids. In both
fungi we observe a dramatic decrease in the stearic acid
content from 16,0-29.0% to 2,8-5.9% by replacing glucose by
hexadecane. The synthase activity of fatty acids is found in
cells growing both on glucose and hexadecane substrates.
Isocitrate lyase is absent in cells growing on glucose substrates
and is found when grown on hexadecane substrates.
The activity of adenosine triphosphate is as follows: citrate
lyase is completely inhibited by hexadecane. Carnitine acetyltransferase
is detected in cells grown on glucose substrates.
The activity of this enzyme increases tenfold in the case when
hexadecane is the source of carbon. The high activity of pyruvate
kinase on glucose decreases by 80%-90% when grown
on a hydrocarbon substrate. Analysis of the results and products
of linoleic and linolenic acids shows that the hydrocarbon
substrate increases the biosynthesis of 18:2 and 18:3 acids,
and, hence, 12/15-desaturase enzymes, which are responsible
for the conversion of 18:1-to-18:2 and 18:2-to-18:3
acids. Although the specific activities of the enzymes vary between
the fungi, the developmental profiles for all enzymes
are virtually similar.

The article presents information about the system
of geoelements of medical plants in Karachay-Cherkessia,
about their quantitative and percentage ratio in various
groups. It is found that in the studied group of plants, holarctic
and boreal geoelements dominate, and the prevailing
geoelement is palearctic, amounting to one third of the flora.
Potential possibilities of the flora for obtaining exclusive vegetative
raw materials or medical products are determined by
presence four Eucaucasian, thirteen Caucasian and eighteen
Subcaucasian endemics, which can be used along with pharmacopoeia
species.

We present information about the regular structure
of petrophyte flora of the Russian Caucasus, analyze systematic
range of families and genera, and show the relationship
between the number of petrophytes in taxa of the same
family and genus and their total amount in modern regional
flora. It is ascertained that in the systematic relationship, the
petrophytic flora of the terrain under study is similar to the
Mediterranean flora and characterized by a sufficiently high
degree of the heterogeneity defined by proportions of flora, a
large percentage of participation of the largest, large and average
families and genera, a high percentage of participation
of the families of one kind, a high generic factor.

We study the functional composition of ecotone
consortia of hydrophytes freely floating on the water surface,
which are the determinants of Salvinia groups, namely,
Lemna and Salvinia-Spirodela. Fifty species of mesofauna
are identified for the model spectrum. The group data include
five groups of consortive links. The composition of systematic
groups of organisms and their role in the consortia are analyzed.
Using the variants of each type of consortive links, we
construct the functional rows of consorts of determinants of
three types.

The introduction research of POTENTILLA ALBA
L. has been carried out on the basis of the experimental area
of the state-run University of Kabardino-Balkaria since 2009.
The planting stock is taken from among the species growing
wild in Zadonsk area of the Lipetsk region. The phenol composition
of the roots of POTENTILLA ALBA L. introduced to
the North Caucasus is studied. Sixteen compounds are isolated
by means of high-performance liquid chromatography, ten
of them being phenol compounds isolated for the first time: a
group of oxycinnamic acids and their derivatives (chlorogenic,
caffeic and ferulic acids) as well as epigalocatechin gallate,
epicatechin, hesperedine, dihydrocoumarin, luteolin-7-glycoside,
cinnamic and ellagic acids.

We present the results of studying the seed
productivity of Astragalus L. species in the Smolensk region.
We determine the potential and real seed productivity of
Astragalus as well as the influence of various environmental
factors. We present the analysis of morphological
characteristics of seeds and their quantitative indicators,
as well as the percentage of lesions in plants by pests in
different cenopopulations. We establish the most favorable
environmental conditions which lead to an increase in seed
productivity of Astragalus species in the Smolensk region, and
demonstrate the importance of indicators of seed productivity
and seed quality when undertaking activities aimed at their
protection.

The paper presents data on the viruses and
bacterial florae in sewage, soil and slit of the purifying stations
in Baku and some regions of Azerbaijan. The viruses
and bacterial florae include: type 1, 2, 3 vaccine-derived
polioviruses, enteroviruses of the group of Coxsackie and
ECHO and bacterial florae-aerobe and anaerobe pathogens.
The results of bacterial investigation show the spectrum of
aerobe and anaerobe pathogens: E-coli, Str.faecalis, Staphaureus,
V.cholerae together with anaerobe florae - Clostridium
perfringens serovar А.

We study the effects of pollution as well as the
influence of some environmental factors on the response
characteristics of the pollen of early spring flowering plants
(representatives of the Brassicaceae family), early summer
flowering plants (Tilia cordata Mill.) and autumn flowering
plants (representatives of the Chenopodiaceae family) growing
in the Volga delta. Observations of the plant flowering
times, meteorological forecasts, analysis of the pollen caught
by aeropalinological traps make it possible to produce calendars
of pollination of plants typical of this area. The results
help to predict the timing of pollination and prevent mass outbreaks
of allergic reactions of area residents and residents of
neighboring regions.

We present a technique for hazard index assessment
that is used to prepare the landslide prediction map
of the Hashtjin area (northwestern region of Iran) at a 1:50000
scale. The proposed technique makes it possible to determine
the degree of landslide hazard and assess the landslide
risks. It is established that landslides occur most often on
slopes composed of alternating waterproof and water-bearing
rocks. The displacement of large masses of soils or rocks
on a slope is most often caused by wetting the soils by rain
water. As the soils are filled with water and become heavy and
more mobile, they slide over the slopes. Although the action
of gravity is the primary driving force for a landslide to occur,
there are other contributing factors affecting the original slope
stability, namely, an increase in the steepness of the slope
due to washing away the soil; the weakening of strength of
rocks due to weathering, precipitations and groundwater; the
influence of seismic shocks; construction and economic activity.
The volume of landslide damage depends on the reason
which gave rise to the landslide; in some cases it can affect
large areas. Landslide hazard analysis makes it possible to
establish the location of potential inclined slopes and to estimate
the volume of the landslide, its frequency and distance
traveled. To assess the landslide hazards, necessary data are
processed by a GIS. A GIS offers a superior method for landslide
analysis as it allows one to generate landslide maps and
maps of likely occurrences of future landslides.

In studying nonequilibrium processes in homochiral
solutions, we found drops that are spontaneously
formed, stable, and often surrounded by a complex membrane.
The drops are enriched by a dissolved substance.
They tend to attract strings, which were previously identified
as spontaneously formed anisometric structural formations
in a solution. In some cases, the strings implement geometric
switching between the droplets. Thus, we revealed not
only topological but also metric similarity, as well as partial
functional similarity between simple physical and chemical
objects (drops) and classical biological objects (cells), which
may point to a certain degree of generality of their formation
mechanisms.

The review is devoted to the problem of interaction
of boric acid with polyalcohols. We demonstrate the conditions
for formation of complex compounds of boric acid with
polyalcohols. We consider the equilibrium that occurs in solutions
of these mixtures and present the ionization constants
and the ratio of the components. It is concluded that the existence
of boron with the concentration of 10-4 - 10-5 mol/dm3
in aqueous media is not sufficiently studied. Because it is
these concentrations that are used in chemical analysis, their
further study is necessary.

Achiral, racemic and homochiral solutions of
trifluoro-acetylated aminoalcohols are studied by dynamic
light scattering. A complex structure of the studied solutions,
including objects as small as 102 - 103 nm for all types of
solutions (apparently, isometric granules) is revealed; for the
homochiral solutions - linear molecular associates (100 - 102
nm) and large, apparently, anisometric objects - strings (103
- 104 nm, and more) are observed. The results are in good
agreement with investigations performed with the help of optical
and atomic force microscopy.

Forest fires have been accompanying mankind
throughout its history. They cause extensive damage to natural
areas, settlements and cities. The reasons of forest fires
are various: one of them is the spontaneous combustion of
marsh gas, which mostly consists of methane and other flammable
compounds. An experiment was conducted to evaluate
a possible fire hazard of Shatura swamps. The samples
of marsh gas were analyzed with a Kristallyuks-4000 M gas
chromatograph.

The data on the selenium content in soils at different
altitudes of the terrain between the rivers Dniester and
Prut are presented for the first time. High-altitude soils include
forest soils, mid-altitude soils - soils of meadow steppes, and
low-altitude soils - soils of dry steppes. A separate group of
soils is the soil of flood meadows. It is found that all types of
soils of the terrain in question are characterized, on the average,
by the optimum concentration of selenium. However, the
content of selenium in various types of soils changes from optimal
to selenium-deficient values. Distributions of the relative
selenium content in soils of different altitudes of the terrain are
similar in character, with modal values in the range from 200
to 250 mkg/kg. Divergences between the average values are
statistically significant only for mid- and low-altitude soils. For
other high-altitude terrains these discrepancies are random.

The paper summarizes the results of studying
the history of development of the Paz river basin which flows
along the Finland-Norway-Russia border. There are four
stages in the development of this territory, each of the stages
being characterized by specific anthropogenic activities. At
the first stage (up to the mid-XVI century), the Sami people
engaged in hunting, fishing, reindeer breeding, and forest felling
live in the Paz river basin. The second stage (from 1565
till 1750) is associated with appearance of monks and clergymen,
development of agriculture and stabling of livestock. At
the third stage (till 1890) Russian and Norwegian fishermen
start developing the area, which leads to an increase in anthropogenic
pressure. At the last (fourth) stage resident population
is formed, which marks a conflict of interest between
the major users of natural resources. By the beginning of the
XX century the territory of the Paz river basin undergoes the
process of heterogeneous transformation of landscapes (from
secondary derivative to anthropogenic).