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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">geomgou</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Географическая среда и живые системы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Geographical Environment and Living Systems</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2712-7613</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2712-7621</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Московский государственный областной университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18384/2712-7621-2025-4-92-105</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">geomgou-1653</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНДИКАТОРЫ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка базальной площади древостоя в порослевых дубравах с применением геостатистического метода обыкновенного кригинга</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Estimation of Basal Area in Coppice Oak Forests Using Geostatistical Kriging</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3721-8084</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гахрамани</surname><given-names>Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ghahramany</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент</p><p>факультет природных ресурсов; кафедра лесного хозяйства</p><p>Санандадж</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assoc. Prof.</p><p>Sanandaj</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">l.ghahramany@uok.ac.ir</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4649-6705</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пир Бавагар</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pir Bavaghar</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент</p><p>факультет природных ресурсов; кафедра лесного хозяйства </p><p>Санандадж</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assoc. Prof.</p><p>Faculty of Natural Resources; Department of Forestry</p><p>Sanandaj</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">m.bavaghar@uok.ac.ir</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Курдистана; Научно-исследовательский центр по изучению и развитию лесного хозяйства Северного Загроса имени доктора Хедаята Газанфари</institution><country>Иран</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Kurdistan; Dr. Hedayat Ghazanfari Center for Research and Development of Northern Zagros Forestry</institution><country>Islamic Republic of Iran</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>92</fpage><lpage>105</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гахрамани Л., Пир Бавагар М., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гахрамани Л., Пир Бавагар М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ghahramany L., Pir Bavaghar M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.geoecosreda.ru/jour/article/view/1653">https://www.geoecosreda.ru/jour/article/view/1653</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>   Цель</title><p>   Цель. В данном исследовании оценивается применение обыкновенного кригинга, геостатистического метода интерполяции, для оценки индекса базальной площади древостоя в порослевых дубовых лесах северного региона Загрос, Иран.</p></sec><sec><title>   Процедура и методы</title><p>   Процедура и методы. Исследование проводилось в порослевом дубовом лесу в Северном Загросе, Иран, с доминированием Quercus brantii наряду с другими видами дуба (Q. infectoria и Q. libani). Лес занимает площадь около 6103 га, расположен на высоте от 1280 до 2040 м и уклоны варьируются от 0 до 137 %. Для закладки 136 пробных площадей (по 0,1 га каждая) применялась систематически-случайная сетка выборки размером 520 × 520 м. На каждом участке с помощью штангенциркуля измеряли диаметр на высоте груди (DBH) всех деревьев с DBH 5 см и более и рассчитывали прикорневую площадь на гектар для каждого участка на основе собранных данных с целью расчёта базальной площади. Был проведён предварительный анализ данных с целью оценки нормальности данных о базовой площади, выявления отклонений и анализа тенденций, связанных с направлением склона. Вариограммный анализ выполнялся для определения структуры пространственной корреляции. Затем применялся обыкновенный кригинг для прогнозирования базальной площади по всей исследуемой территории, при этом точность прогноза оценивалась посредством перекрёстной проверки с исключением по одному с использованием статистических метрик, включая среднюю абсолютную ошибку (MAE), среднеквадратичную ошибку (RMSE) и их относительные значения.</p></sec><sec><title>   Результаты</title><p>   Результаты. Лес демонстрировал относительно низкую базальную площадь (14,53 м2/га) несмотря на высокую густоту стволов (350 стволов/га), что указывает на доминирование молодых деревьев и порослевого возобновления. Анализ тенденций данных о базальной площади, связанных с направлением склона, выявил слабые тенденции вдоль осей север-юг и восток-запад, но включение этих тенденций в кригинговую интерполяцию не повысило точность, поэтому они были исключены из карт прогнозирования и оценки ошибок для индекса базальной площади. Вариограммный анализ выявил сильную пространственную зависимость (степень зависимости 99,8 %), что позволяет классифицировать индекс базальной площади как регионализированную переменную и подтверждает использование геостатистических методов для эффективного моделирования и прогнозирования. При этом экспоненциальная модель обеспечивала наилучшее соответствие данным (r2 = 0,676). Диапазон влияния индекса базальной площади составляет 1554 м – максимальное расстояние, на котором сохраняется пространственная зависимость между данными, что делает этот диапазон решающим для определения размеров сети выборки. Валидация обычного кригинга для прогнозирования базальной площади продемонстрировала его высокую эффективность: MAE = 1,25 м2/га, MAEr = 8,61 %, RMSE = 3,26 м2/га и RMSEr = 22,4 %, что позволяет использовать его для создания карт прогнозирования и стандартных ошибок прогнозирования для базальной площади в порослевых дубовых лесах.</p><p>   Теоретическая и/или практическая значимость. Полученные результаты демонстрируют, что геостатистические методы, такие как обыкновенный кригинг, обеспечивают точную и экономически эффективную альтернативу традиционным лесным инвентаризациям, тем самым способствуя развитию устойчивых практик лесопользования. Наблюдаемая сильная пространственная зависимость базальной площади подтверждает её пригодность в качестве регионализованной переменной, способствуя разработке оптимизированных стратегий выборочного обследования для будущих лесных оценок. Данный геостатистический подход обладает значительным потенциалом для улучшения оценки лесных ресурсов, определения запасов углерода и планирования природоохранных мероприятий в экологически важных экосистемах, таких как дубовые леса Загроса.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>   Aim</title><p>   Aim. This study evaluates the application of Ordinary Kriging, a geostatistical interpolation method, for estimating basal area index in coppice oak forests of the northern Zagros region, Iran.</p></sec><sec><title>   Methodology</title><p>   Methodology. The research was conducted in a 6,103-hectare coppice oak forest in northern Zagros, Iran, dominated by Quercusbrantii alongside other oak species (Q. infectoria and Q. libani). A systematic-random sampling grid was employed to establish 136 sample plots (0.1 ha each), where diameter at breast height (DBH) was measured for all trees (DBH ≥ 5 cm) to calculate basal area. Exploratory data analysis was conducted to assess data normality and spatial trends, while variogram analysis was performed to determine the spatial correlation structure. Ordinary Kriging was then applied to predict basal area across the study area, with prediction accuracy evaluated through leave-one-out cross-validation using statistical metrics including mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and their relative values.</p></sec><sec><title>   Results</title><p>   Results. The forest exhibited relatively low basal area (14.53 m2/ha) despite high stem density (350 stems/ha), indicating the dominance of young trees and coppice regeneration. Variogram analysis revealed strong spatial dependence (spatial dependence degree = 99.8 %), with an exponential model providing the best fit to the data (r2 = 0.676). Ordinary Kriging yielded accurate spatial predictions (MAE = 1.25 m2/ha, RMSE = 3.26 m2/ha), demonstrating its effectiveness for basal area estimation in coppice oak forests.</p></sec><sec><title>   Research implications</title><p>   Research implications. These findings demonstrate that geostatistical methods such as Ordinary Kriging provide a precise and cost-effective alternative to traditional forest inventories, enhancing sustainable forest management practices. The observed strong spatial dependence of basal area confirms its suitability as a regionalized variable, facilitating the development of optimized sampling strategies for future forest assessments. This geostatistical approach has significant potential to improve forest resource assessment, carbon stock estimation, and conservation planning in ecologically important ecosystems such as the Zagros oak forests.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>анализ семивариограмм</kwd><kwd>дуб</kwd><kwd>пространственная изменчивость</kwd><kwd>оценка структуры леса</kwd><kwd>горы Загрос</kwd><kwd>Quercus brantii</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Basal area estimation</kwd><kwd>Coppice forests</kwd><kwd>Geostatistics</kwd><kwd>Ordinary Kriging</kwd><kwd>Spatial interpolation</kwd><kwd>Zagros Mountains</kwd><kwd>Quercus brantii</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aguirre A., del Río M., Ruiz-Peinado R., Condés S. Stand-level biomass models for predicting C stock for the main Spanish pine species. In: Forest Ecosystems, 2021. Vol. 8. № 1. 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